Prism dispersion involves refraction and not total internal reflection. The other options are phenomena that utilize total internal reflection.

The photoelectric effect is explained by quantum mechanics and particle nature of light, not by wave optics.

Floating of heavy objects is not related to surface tension; it is related to buoyancy. The other phenomena are directly influenced by surface tension.

Capillary action is primarily due to surface tension, as it allows liquids to rise in narrow tubes against gravity.

The formation of a rainbow is primarily due to the refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets.

Lead is a heavy metal that can be toxic to humans and the environment.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are major contributors to smog formation, especially in urban areas.

Ozone at ground level is a major component of smog, formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants.

Nitrogen Dioxide is a major contributor to the formation of smog, particularly in urban areas.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is associated with respiratory problems and is a significant air pollutant.

Sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the main pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain.

Nitrogen dioxide is a key contributor to the formation of smog, especially in urban areas.

Nylon is known for its high tensile strength and is commonly used in textiles and ropes.

Nylon-6,6 is produced by condensation polymerization, involving the reaction of diamines and dicarboxylic acids.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is commonly used in the production of plastic bottles.

Polyisoprene is a key polymer used in the production of synthetic rubber.

Dissolving salt in water is a spontaneous process at standard conditions, resulting in a negative ΔG.

Photosynthesis is an endothermic process that requires energy, resulting in a positive ΔG.

In an adiabatic process, the system does not exchange heat with its surroundings, leading to a change in temperature.

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings, such as compressing a gas without heat exchange.

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings, such as compressing a gas in a piston without heat exchange.

Melting ice at 0°C is an isothermal process as the temperature remains constant during the phase change.

Sublimation of dry ice (solid CO2) to gas increases disorder, resulting in a positive change in entropy.

Sublimation of dry ice (solid CO2) to gas increases entropy as the gas phase has higher disorder than the solid phase.

An isobaric process is characterized by constant pressure.

Dissolving salt in water is an endothermic process that increases the disorder of the system, thus increasing entropy.

Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water absorbs heat, making it an endothermic process.

The combustion of methane is an exothermic process, releasing heat.

Sublimation of solid iodine to gas involves a phase change from solid to gas, which has a significant increase in disorder, thus the largest increase in entropy.

Dissolving salt in water increases the number of particles in solution, leading to a significant increase in entropy.