Temperature changes can affect the resistance values of the resistors, thus affecting the balance condition.

In general, the resistance of conductors increases with temperature due to increased atomic vibrations.

Non-ideal resistors can introduce errors in the measurements due to their tolerance and temperature coefficients.

When the angle of incidence equals the angle of emergence, the angle of deviation is equal to the angle of the prism.

The minimum angle of deviation (D) for a prism is given by D = A, where A is the angle of the prism. Therefore, for a 60-degree prism, the minimum angle of deviation is 30 degrees.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W, we have 40 J = 100 J - W, thus W = 100 J - 40 J = 60 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W. Rearranging gives W = Q - ΔU. Here, W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

Average rate = (change in concentration) / (time) = (0.5 - 0.1) / 20 = 0.02 M/min.

For the reaction A → B, the rate of disappearance of A is equal to the rate of formation of B, hence it is 0.1 mol/L·s. However, if stoichiometry is considered as 1:1, the rate of disappearance of A is also 0.1 mol/L·s.

For the reaction A → B, the rate of disappearance of A is equal to the rate of formation of B, thus it is 1.0 mol/L·s.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, decreasing the concentration of a reactant will shift the equilibrium to the left to produce more reactants.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, if the concentration of products increases, the equilibrium will shift to the left.

Decreasing the concentration of products will shift the equilibrium to the right to produce more products, according to Le Chatelier's principle.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the concentration of reactants will shift the equilibrium position to the right to produce more products.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the concentration of reactants will shift the equilibrium to the right to form more products.

For an exothermic reaction, decreasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the right, favoring the formation of products.

For an exothermic reaction, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium position to the left, favoring the reactants.

For an endothermic reaction, increasing temperature shifts the equilibrium to the right, increasing Kc.

The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is called the rate-determining step, as it controls the overall reaction rate.

The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is known as the rate-determining step.

According to the balanced equation 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, 2 moles of H2 produce 2 moles of H2O.

At high temperatures, ΔG will be positive because the positive ΔH and negative ΔS will dominate the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

The mole ratio of A to C is 3:4 based on the coefficients in the balanced equation.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = -100 kJ - (298 K * 0.2 kJ/K) = -100 kJ - 59.6 kJ = -159.6 kJ.

Using the Arrhenius equation, Ea can be estimated to be around 40 kJ/mol.

The oxidizing agent is the species that gains electrons and is reduced.

In a refrigerator, work is done on the system to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body, which is against the natural flow of heat.

The electric flux Φ through a surface area A in a uniform electric field E is given by Φ = EA when the surface is perpendicular to the field.