Valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it flows in one direction through the heart chambers.

Glucose is not typically found in urine unless there is a condition such as diabetes mellitus.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a common technique used to introduce foreign genes into plant cells.

Hybridoma technology is used to produce monoclonal antibodies by fusing myeloma cells with specific B cells.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and purification.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and purification of DNA.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support sustainably.

The term 'phenotype' refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

Apical meristem is responsible for the growth in length of a plant, found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Nervous tissue is responsible for the transmission of electrical impulses throughout the body.

The energy of the emitted photon is highest for the transition from n=2 to n=1, as it involves the largest difference in energy levels.

Covalent network solids, such as diamond, have the highest melting points due to the strong covalent bonds throughout the structure.

The unit used to measure electric current is Ampere (A).

Green light is least effective for photosynthesis because it is mostly reflected by chlorophyll.

Sound waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) for propagation, while electromagnetic waves do not.

Sound waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel, while electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum.

The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, maintaining homeostasis in the body.

The kidneys are primarily responsible for filtering blood and excreting urea in urine.

Bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of lipids and detoxification processes.

Peroxisomes are organelles that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids.

Lysosomes are known for their role in digestion within the cell, containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

E. coli is the most commonly used host for cloning human genes due to its rapid growth and well-understood genetics, but yeast and mice are also used in specific contexts.

Phosphorus is essential for the formation of DNA as it is part of the backbone structure.

Carbon is known for its allotropes, including diamond and graphite.