Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical components of the environment, such as sunlight, temperature, and water.

Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH).

Helium behaves most like an ideal gas due to its low intermolecular forces and small size, making it closer to the ideal gas behavior.

At the same temperature, lighter gases have higher average speeds. Hydrogen (H2) has the lowest molar mass and thus the highest average speed.

The kingdom Animalia includes only multicellular organisms.

Eukarya is characterized by the presence of a true nucleus in its cells.

Bacteria are known for being prokaryotic organisms.

Birds are the only group of animals that possess feathers, which are essential for flight and insulation.

Birds are the only group of animals characterized by the presence of feathers.

Amphibians typically have a three-chambered heart, consisting of two atria and one ventricle.

Echinodermata, such as starfish and sea urchins, possess a unique water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding.

Insects are classified under the kingdom Animalia.

Algae are classified under the kingdom Protista.

Plants have a cell wall made of cellulose, which is a defining characteristic.

Eukarya is the group of organisms that have a true nucleus.

Gymnosperms are known for having seeds, which are not enclosed in fruits.

Pteridophytes are known for having true roots, stems, and leaves.

Gymnosperms are known for producing seeds, which are not enclosed in an ovary.

Pteridophytes are known for producing spores as a means of reproduction.

Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, are primarily aquatic and require water for reproduction.

Pteridophytes reproduce through spores, while angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce through seeds.

Tertiary haloalkanes like 3-bromopropane can undergo elimination reactions more readily due to the stability of the resulting alkene.

2-bromobutane can undergo elimination to form an alkene due to the presence of a beta-hydrogen.

2-bromobutane can undergo elimination to form an alkene due to the presence of a beta-hydrogen.

3-bromobutane is more likely to undergo elimination due to steric hindrance, favoring the formation of alkenes.

Tertiary haloalkanes like 3-chloropropane undergo nucleophilic substitution more readily due to steric hindrance and the stability of the carbocation formed during the reaction.

Copper has a higher density compared to the other listed materials due to its closely packed atomic structure.

Potassium (K) has the lowest melting point among the alkali metals.

Thyroxine, insulin, and glucagon all play significant roles in the regulation of metabolism.

Fe²⁺ has the highest magnetic moment due to its higher number of unpaired electrons compared to Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cu²⁺.