In nuclear reactions, both mass and charge are conserved, which is a fundamental principle of physics.

Isotopes are defined as atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

A 'quantum leap' refers to the transition of an electron between discrete energy levels in an atom.

Precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements, regardless of their accuracy.

The energy of the emitted photon is highest for the transition from n=2 to n=1, as it involves the largest energy difference.

In the kinetic theory of gases, the temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

In elastic collisions, both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved, which is a key assumption in the kinetic theory of gases.

In an ideal gas, the internal energy is primarily due to the kinetic energy of the gas molecules, as potential energy is negligible.

In the kinetic theory, the temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

According to the photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of emitted electrons increases with the frequency of the incident light, provided the frequency is above the threshold frequency.

According to the photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of emitted electrons increases with the frequency of the incident light, provided the frequency is above the threshold frequency.

Increasing the frequency of incident light increases the energy of emitted electrons, as per E = hf.

While thickness, wavelength, and angle of incidence affect the interference pattern, the color of the light source does not directly affect the pattern itself.

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.

Inside a solenoid, the magnetic field lines run from the north pole to the south pole, similar to a bar magnet.

The process in which a substance changes from solid to gas without becoming liquid is called sublimation.

The process in which a substance changes from solid to gas is called sublimation.

In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

The average speed of gas molecules is given by the formula v_avg = (8kT/πm)^(1/2), where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and m is the mass of a gas molecule.

The average speed of gas molecules is given by the expression v_avg = √(8RT/πM), where R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature, and M is the molar mass of the gas.

The average speed of gas molecules is given by the formula v_avg = sqrt(8kT/πm), where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and m is the mass of a molecule.

According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Capacitance (C) is directly proportional to the area of the plates (A) and the dielectric constant (ε) and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between the plates.

The capacitance (C) of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the formula C = ε₀A/d, where A is the area of the plates and d is the separation between them.

The capacitance of a spherical capacitor depends on both the radius of the inner sphere and the outer sphere.

Absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which molecular motion ceases, corresponding to 0 Kelvin.

Absolute zero refers to the lowest possible temperature, at which gas molecules theoretically stop moving, making both A and B correct.

The critical angle occurs when light travels from a denser medium (water) to a less dense medium (air).

The Earth's magnetic field is approximately 1000 times weaker than that of a typical refrigerator magnet.