The genotype 'AA' represents a homozygous dominant individual.

A phenotype is the observable characteristic, such as brown eyes.

A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive individual (AA x aa) to determine the genotype of the former.

Evolution can occur in response to environmental changes, allowing species to adapt to new conditions over time.

Respiration in plants produces more energy than fermentation, as it fully oxidizes glucose in the presence of oxygen.

After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit, which contains the seeds.

The ovule develops into a seed after fertilization occurs.

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not have them.

Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis.

The anther is the part of the stamen that produces pollen.

The esophagus is part of the digestive system, while the trachea, larynx, and bronchi are components of the respiratory system.

Bone marrow is the primary site for the production of red blood cells in the human body.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing calcium ions, which are crucial for muscle contraction.

Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibers, initiating muscle contraction.

T-tubules (transverse tubules) are responsible for transmitting the action potential deep into the muscle fiber.

Valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it flows in one direction through the heart chambers.

Glucose is not typically found in urine unless there is a condition such as diabetes mellitus.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a common technique used to introduce foreign genes into plant cells.

Hybridoma technology is used to produce monoclonal antibodies by fusing myeloma cells with specific B cells.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and purification.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for analysis and purification of DNA.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support sustainably.

The term 'phenotype' refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

Apical meristem is responsible for the growth in length of a plant, found at the tips of roots and shoots.

Nervous tissue is responsible for the transmission of electrical impulses throughout the body.

Green light is least effective for photosynthesis because it is mostly reflected by chlorophyll.

The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, maintaining homeostasis in the body.

The kidneys are primarily responsible for filtering blood and excreting urea in urine.

Bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.