Both mutation and gene flow contribute to genetic variation in a population, providing the raw material for evolution.

All of the options listed (mutation, gene flow, and sexual reproduction) are sources of genetic variation in populations.

The human appendix is considered a vestigial structure, as it has lost its original function over the course of evolution.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor, exemplified by the finches in the Galapagos Islands.

Dog breeding is an example of artificial selection, where humans selectively breed animals for desired traits.

Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits, as seen in whales and fish, which both have streamlined bodies for swimming.

Darwin's finches are an example of divergent evolution, where different species evolved from a common ancestor and adapted to different environments.

Uniformity of traits is not a condition for natural selection; rather, variation in traits is essential for natural selection to act upon.

Environmental Stability does not lead to evolution; rather, it is the changes in the environment that drive evolutionary processes.

Speciation can occur through various processes, including geographic, behavioral, and temporal isolation, leading to the formation of new species.

All of the above options provide evidence for evolution through common descent, showing how different species share common ancestors.

Evolution can occur in response to environmental changes, allowing species to adapt to new conditions over time.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is known for proposing the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed to offspring.

Stephen Jay Gould, along with Niles Eldredge, proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which suggests that species remain relatively stable for long periods and then undergo rapid changes.