The First Law of Thermodynamics establishes the conservation of energy principle, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

The specific heat capacity at constant volume for a monatomic ideal gas is Cv = 3/2 R.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree Celsius.

The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4.18 J/g°C.

The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

Specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Convection is the term used for heat transfer that occurs due to the movement of a fluid.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation.

The unit of thermal conductivity is Watts per meter per Kelvin (W/m·K).

The universal gas constant R is 8.314 J/(mol·K).

In an isobaric process, the work done by the gas is given by W = PΔV, where P is the pressure and ΔV is the change in volume.

The work done by a gas during expansion against a constant external pressure is given by W = PΔV, where P is the pressure and ΔV is the change in volume.

During isothermal expansion, the work done by the gas is equal to the heat absorbed, as the internal energy remains constant.

The work done by an ideal gas during an isobaric process is given by W = PΔV.

The work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal expansion is given by W = nRT ln(Vf/Vi).

In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, so no work is done by the system (W = PΔV = 0).

In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, so no work is done by the system (W = PΔV = 0).

The work done by the system during expansion against a constant external pressure is given by W = PΔV.

In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, which means no work is done on or by the gas. Therefore, the work done is zero.

The Third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Fourier's Law states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the temperature difference across it.

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the temperature gradient.

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient of temperature.

The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

The color of the material does not affect the rate of heat transfer by conduction; the other factors do.

Material density does not directly affect the rate of heat transfer by convection.

Copper is a good conductor of heat.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings. Compressing a gas in a piston without heat exchange is an example.