Thermodynamics Advanced
Q. In the mechanism of the SN2 reaction, which of the following statements is true?
A.
The reaction involves a carbocation intermediate.
B.
The nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group.
C.
The reaction rate depends only on the concentration of the nucleophile.
D.
The reaction occurs in a single step with a trigonal planar transition state.
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Solution
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the substrate from the side opposite to the leaving group, leading to a backside attack.
Correct Answer: B — The nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group.
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Q. In the reaction of an alkene with HBr, what is the major product when the alkene is asymmetric?
A.
Markovnikov product
B.
Anti-Markovnikov product
C.
No reaction
D.
Polymerization
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Solution
According to Markovnikov's rule, the hydrogen from HBr adds to the less substituted carbon of the alkene, leading to the formation of the Markovnikov product.
Correct Answer: A — Markovnikov product
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Q. What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the formula CH3-CH2-COOH?
A.
Propanoic acid
B.
Butanoic acid
C.
Acetic acid
D.
Isobutyric acid
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Solution
The compound is a three-carbon carboxylic acid, which is named propanoic acid according to IUPAC nomenclature.
Correct Answer: A — Propanoic acid
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Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and sodium ethoxide?
A.
2-methylpropene
B.
1-bromo-2-methylpropane
C.
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
D.
2-methylpropyl ethyl ether
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Solution
The reaction is an elimination reaction (E2) where sodium ethoxide acts as a strong base, leading to the formation of 2-methylpropene.
Correct Answer: A — 2-methylpropene
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Q. What is the product of the hydrolysis of an amide?
A.
Carboxylic acid and amine
B.
Alcohol and acid
C.
Alkene and water
D.
Ketone and ammonia
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Solution
The hydrolysis of an amide yields a carboxylic acid and an amine, typically in the presence of water and an acid or base.
Correct Answer: A — Carboxylic acid and amine
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Q. What is the product of the hydrolysis of an ester?
A.
Alcohol and carboxylic acid
B.
Alkene and water
C.
Ketone and hydrogen
D.
Aldehyde and carbon dioxide
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Solution
The hydrolysis of an ester yields an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
Correct Answer: A — Alcohol and carboxylic acid
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Q. What type of reaction occurs when an alcohol is converted to an alkyl halide using phosphorus tribromide (PBr3)?
A.
Substitution
B.
Elimination
C.
Addition
D.
Redox
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Solution
The reaction is a substitution reaction where the hydroxyl group of the alcohol is replaced by a bromine atom.
Correct Answer: A — Substitution
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Q. Which functional group is present in all amino acids?
A.
Carboxylic acid
B.
Alcohol
C.
Aldehyde
D.
Ketone
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Solution
All amino acids contain a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) along with an amino group (-NH2).
Correct Answer: A — Carboxylic acid
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Q. Which of the following compounds exhibits optical isomerism?
A.
2-butanol
B.
1-butanol
C.
2-pentene
D.
3-hexanol
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Solution
2-butanol has a chiral center and can exist as two enantiomers, thus exhibiting optical isomerism.
Correct Answer: A — 2-butanol
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a thermodynamically stable reaction?
A.
High activation energy
B.
Negative Gibbs free energy change
C.
Endothermic nature
D.
Formation of intermediates
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Solution
A thermodynamically stable reaction is characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy change, indicating that the products are favored.
Correct Answer: B — Negative Gibbs free energy change
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