In the nitration of benzene, concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+) from nitric acid (HNO3).

The para position is predominantly substituted due to steric hindrance at the ortho position, making the para product more favorable.

A nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group that deactivates the benzene ring, making it less reactive towards electrophilic substitution.

The IUPAC name of C6H5NO2 is nitrobenzene, which contains a nitro group (-NO2) attached to a benzene ring.

The product of the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with acetyl chloride is acetophenone, where an acyl group is introduced to the benzene ring.

The catalyst in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, such as AlCl3 or FeBr3, is used to generate the electrophile that will react with the aromatic compound.

Phenol is more reactive than benzene due to the electron-donating effect of the hydroxyl group, which stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.

Toluene undergoes electrophilic substitution most readily due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which activates the benzene ring.

Nitration of benzene is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution, where a nitro group replaces a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring.