Memory T cells provide long-term immunity by remaining in the body after an infection and responding more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

T helper cells play a crucial role in the immune response by activating B cells to produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells.

Vaccination aims to stimulate an adaptive immune response by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the pathogen, leading to the development of memory.

Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins and pathogens, opsonizing for phagocytosis, and activating the complement system.

Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that capture, process, and present antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

IL-12 is the key cytokine that promotes the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells, which are important for cell-mediated immunity.

Cytotoxic T cells are primarily responsible for recognizing and killing cells infected with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses.

The adaptive immune response is characterized by specificity, memory, and clonal expansion, but it is not immediate; it takes time to develop.

Passive immunity is conferred by the transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus, providing temporary protection against infections.

Humoral immunity is primarily mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, which help neutralize pathogens and mark them for destruction.