The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes.

Covalent network solids are typically brittle due to the strong covalent bonds that do not allow for easy deformation.

Ionic solids are typically brittle due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions, which cause them to shatter when force is applied.

Metallic solids are known for their high electrical conductivity due to the presence of free-moving electrons.

All of the above options provide evidence for evolution through common descent, showing how different species share common ancestors.

Area has dimensions of M^0L^2T^-2.

Angle is a dimensionless quantity.

Velocity has the dimension M^0L^1T^-1.

Work has the dimension M^1L^2T^-2.

Displacement is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction, while speed, distance, and mass are scalar quantities.

In an isolated system, energy, momentum, and mass are all conserved.

The azimuthal quantum number (l) describes the shape of the atomic orbital.

In the reaction 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2, the oxidation state of oxygen changes from -1 in H2O2 to 0 in O2, indicating that it is both oxidized and reduced.

The reaction C + O2 → CO2 is a redox reaction because carbon is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Hydrogenation refers to the addition of hydrogen (H2) to unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as the addition to ethene to form ethane.

Aldehydes can undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids, reduction to form alcohols, and condensation with alcohols to form hemiacetals.

The genotype 'AA' represents a homozygous dominant individual.

A phenotype is the observable characteristic, such as brown eyes.

Systematic errors are consistent and repeatable inaccuracies, often due to calibration errors.

A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive individual (AA x aa) to determine the genotype of the former.

Significant figures include all non-zero digits and any zeros between them or trailing after a decimal point.

The ideal gas constant can be represented as R = 0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) or R = 8.314 J/(K·mol).

Covalent solids exhibit a high degree of anisotropy due to their directional bonding.

Metallic solids have high thermal conductivity due to the presence of free-moving electrons.

MnO4- is a strong oxidizing agent because it can gain electrons and be reduced to Mn2+.

F2 is the strongest oxidizing agent among the halogens due to its high electronegativity and ability to gain electrons.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.

Not all alcohols are volatile; for example, long-chain alcohols have lower volatility.

Chemisorption involves the formation of strong chemical bonds between the adsorbate and the surface, making it generally irreversible.

Evolution can occur in response to environmental changes, allowing species to adapt to new conditions over time.