Fermentation is a biotechnological method used to produce vaccines by cultivating microorganisms.

Plants are biotic components of an ecosystem, while soil, water, and air are abiotic components.

Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, which include plants, animals, and microorganisms.

The ability to reproduce is a characteristic feature of all living organisms.

Echinoderms, such as starfish and sea urchins, are characterized by a water vascular system, which aids in movement and feeding.

Epithelial tissue is characterized by closely packed cells with minimal intercellular space, forming a protective layer.

Fungi have chitin in their cell walls, distinguishing them from plants.

All of the options listed are characteristic features of living organisms.

Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by a segmented body, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Photosynthesis is a characteristic feature of the kingdom Plantae, as plants are autotrophic and produce their own food using sunlight.

Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and lack cellular structure and metabolism, requiring a host to reproduce.

A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, making it a unidirectional device.

A good cloning vector should have a high copy number to ensure that multiple copies of the inserted gene are produced within the host cell.

A reversible cell can be recharged, allowing it to be used multiple times.

Semiconductors have zero conductivity at absolute zero and their conductivity increases with temperature.

High biodiversity is a characteristic of a stable ecosystem, as it enhances resilience and stability.

A Zener diode is designed to operate in reverse bias and maintain a constant voltage.

Addition polymers are formed from monomers that contain double bonds, which open up to form long chains.

Algae are primarily autotrophic organisms that can perform photosynthesis.

The ability to respond to stimuli is a characteristic of all living organisms, allowing them to interact with their environment.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their pleasant smell and contain a stable ring structure.

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

Brittle materials fracture without significant deformation.

Bryophytes are typically found in moist habitats and do not have true roots, xylem, or phloem.

Complete flowers have all four whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Cross-linked polymers have a three-dimensional network structure, which gives them a high melting point and strength.

Dicots are characterized by having net-like leaf venation and two cotyledons.

Dicotyledons are characterized by having two cotyledons in their seeds.

Elastic materials return to their original shape after the removal of the applied force.

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet.