'Survival of the fittest' refers to the idea that those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Adaptive radiation refers to the rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, often in response to new environmental opportunities.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support.

In an evolutionary context, 'fitness' refers to an organism's reproductive success and its ability to pass on its genes to the next generation.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, carry genetic information.

Gene cloning is used to produce insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria, which then produce insulin.

Microbial fermentation is a key process in the production of biofuels, utilizing microorganisms to convert biomass into energy.

Gene therapy involves the introduction of normal genes into cells to correct genetic disorders.

Butanoic acid has a pungent odor, often described as rancid butter.

Butanoic acid has the highest boiling point due to its longer carbon chain and greater molecular weight.

Increasing the temperature for an endothermic reaction shifts the equilibrium to the right, favoring the formation of products.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the concentration of a reactant (O2 in this case) will shift the equilibrium to the right, favoring the formation of products.

Reptiles are known for having scales that protect their bodies and reduce water loss.

Kingdom is the most inclusive classification among the options provided, encompassing a large group of related organisms.

Dimethylamine is a secondary amine as it has two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

2-Propanol can be oxidized to form acetone, which is a ketone.

Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aniline using reducing agents like Sn/HCl.

Nitrous acid can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as it reacts differently with each type.

C2H4COOH (acetic acid) contains the carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH).

Carbon monoxide (CO) contains a coordinate bond between carbon and oxygen.

In PCl5, phosphorus is in its highest oxidation state of +5.

In sodium hydride (NaH), hydrogen has an oxidation state of -1.

Acetylene (C2H2) contains a triple bond between the two carbon atoms.

C5H12 can exist as both straight-chain (pentane) and branched (isopentane) forms.

All the listed compounds represent common oxidation states of vanadium: +5 in V2O5, +2 in VO, and +3 in V2O3.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a well-known oxidizing agent used in various chemical reactions.

Cyclopropane is a cyclic alkane with three carbon atoms in a ring.

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a hydrogen halide, which is a binary compound of hydrogen and a halogen.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that contains hydrogen.

Trimethylamine is a tertiary amine as it has three alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.