In a test cross, the individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

Red light has the longest wavelength and is least affected by interference effects in thin films compared to shorter wavelengths.

Due to the phenomenon of thin film interference, the color that is most prominently reflected depends on the thickness of the film and the wavelength of light. Typically, blue light is more likely to be reflected due to shorter wavelengths.

Destructive interference for red light means red light is canceled out, leaving the shorter wavelengths (blue) visible.

At the center, destructive interference occurs for red light due to its longer wavelength.

The turns ratio is 100:200, which simplifies to 1:2.

The turns ratio is 2:1, as the primary has twice the number of turns compared to the secondary.

If the primary coil has more turns than the secondary coil, it is a step-down transformer.

The reverse breakdown region in a Zener diode allows it to regulate voltage by maintaining a constant output voltage.

The power factor (PF) is given by cos(θ). If θ = 30 degrees, PF = cos(30°) = √3/2 ≈ 0.866.

The power factor (cosφ) is 0.5, which corresponds to an angle φ of 60 degrees.

In a purely inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees (π/2 radians). Therefore, I(t) = I0 sin(ωt - π/2).

In a purely inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees (or π/2 radians). Therefore, I(t) = I_0 sin(ωt - π/2).

The current through a capacitor is given by I(t) = C dV/dt. For V(t) = V₀ sin(ωt), the current can be derived from this expression.

The average power (P) consumed in an AC circuit is given by P = VI cos(φ), where φ is the phase angle between voltage and current.

In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by 90 degrees.

In an inductor, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees.

In an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees.

In a purely inductive AC circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees.

The average power (P) in an AC circuit is given by P = V_rms²/R, where R is the resistance.

Reactance is measured in Ohms, just like resistance.

Plants are primary producers as they convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

In an electrochemical cell, oxidation occurs at the anode.

Resonance in an RLC circuit occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance, resulting in maximum current at a specific frequency.

At resonance, the impedance in an RLC circuit is at a minimum.

At resonance in an RLC series circuit, the impedance is equal to the resistance.

Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize previously uninhabited or disturbed environments.

In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode.

The male gamete is produced in the anther, which is part of the stamen in flowering plants.

After fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit, which contains the seeds.