Benzaldehyde shows a -I effect due to the carbonyl group and a +M effect due to the aromatic ring.

C6H5NO2 is most stable due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the -NO2 group, which stabilizes the negative charge through resonance.

C6H5OH has the highest electron density at the ortho position due to the +M effect of the -OH group.

Aniline has the highest electron density due to the +M effect of the amino group.

FCH2COOH is the most acidic due to the strong -I effect of the fluorine atom.

Phenol is stabilized by the +M effect due to the presence of the -OH group, which donates electron density.

The -NO2 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group that exhibits a -I effect.

The -OH group exhibits a strong +M effect due to its ability to donate electron density through resonance.

The –NO2 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group and exhibits a strong -I effect.

-F exhibits a -I effect as it withdraws electron density from the rest of the molecule.

The -NH2 group has a +M effect due to resonance donation and a -I effect due to its electronegativity.

-F has the strongest -I effect due to its high electronegativity.

The –OH group is a strong +M director as it donates electron density through resonance.

The -F group is a strong -I group due to its high electronegativity.

-NO2 is a strong -M group as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

The –OH group is a strong electron-donating group through resonance (+M effect).

-CH3 is a weak +M director as it can donate some electron density but is less effective than -OH or -OCH3.

The –I effect decreases in strength down the group in the halogens, making –I the weakest -I group.

The -CH3 group exhibits a weak -I effect as it is a weak electron-donating group.

-F is a weak -M group as it has a slight electron-withdrawing effect but is not as strong as -CHO or -COOH.

-F is considered a weak -I group compared to -NO2 and -CN.

-CH3 exhibits a +I effect as it donates electron density through inductive effect.

The -OCH3 group shows +M effect as it donates electrons through resonance.

The –OH group donates electron density through resonance, exhibiting a +M effect.

-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group that decreases electron density on the benzene ring.

+M effect is characterized by electron donation through resonance, enhancing stability.

The +I effect is characterized by electron donation through the inductive effect.

+M effect refers to the donation of electron density through resonance.

The inductive effect decreases with distance from the electronegative atom or group.

The -CH3 group is a strong +I effect group as it donates electron density through the inductive effect.