The half-life of a first-order reaction is given by the formula t1/2 = 0.693/k, where k is the rate constant.

In the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum coverage of adsorbate on the adsorbent is referred to as a monolayer.

The Langmuir isotherm assumes that adsorption occurs at specific sites, leading to a monolayer coverage of the adsorbate.

The rate constant of a reaction is affected by the nature of the reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.

Enthalpy refers to the heat content of a system at constant pressure, defined as internal energy plus pressure times volume.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of gas particles increases, causing them to move faster.

When a solid is heated, its particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously, potentially leading to a change in state.

When a solid is heated, its particles gain energy and vibrate faster, which can lead to a change in state.

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume decreases and temperature is constant, the pressure increases.

During an isothermal expansion, the temperature of the gas remains constant as the system absorbs heat to do work.

According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas increases with an increase in temperature at constant pressure.

The atomic mass of Oxygen is approximately 16 u.

The atomic mass of Sodium (Na) is approximately 22.99 u.

The atomic number of Carbon is 6, which is the number of protons in its nucleus.

The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are their basic building blocks.

The boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure is 100°C.

The boiling point of alcohols increases with molecular weight due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

Primary amines have higher boiling points than secondary and tertiary amines due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.

Amines have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.

Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols due to stronger hydrogen bonding.

Primary amines have higher boiling points due to stronger hydrogen bonding compared to secondary and tertiary amines.

The bond angle in methane (CH4) is approximately 109.5 degrees due to its tetrahedral geometry.

The standard cell potential of a Daniell cell is 1.10 V.

Using the Nernst equation, E = E° - (RT/nF)lnQ, we find E ≈ 1.0 V.

For an isothermal process, the change in internal energy ΔU = 0 for an ideal gas.

For an isothermal process, the change in internal energy (ΔU) for an ideal gas is zero, as ΔU depends only on temperature.

In an isothermal process for an ideal gas, the internal energy remains constant, hence the change in internal energy is zero.