In a zero-order reaction, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of the reactants.

In an adiabatic process, the relationship is given by PV^n = constant, where n is the heat capacity ratio.

In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings, meaning no heat is absorbed or released.

In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange, so the internal energy remains constant for an ideal gas.

For an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only on temperature. Since the temperature remains constant in an isothermal process, the internal energy also remains constant.

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant.

1 mole of Cu²⁺ deposits 63.5 g of copper.

Using the formula: moles = (current × time) / (n × F), where n=1 for electrons and F=96500 C/mol.

In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode.

In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the anode.

Chlorine gas is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of NaCl solution.

Zinc (Zn) is oxidized to Zn2+, so its oxidation state is +2.

Iron (Fe) is oxidized as it loses electrons to form FeCl3.

Fe2O3 is reduced to Fe, as it gains electrons during the reaction.

Magnesium is oxidized as it loses electrons and its oxidation state increases from 0 to +2.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the volume of the container decreases the pressure. The equilibrium will shift towards the side with more moles of gas, which is the left side (2 moles of SO2 + 1 mole of O2).

N2 is reduced to NH3 as it gains electrons.

Iron (Fe) is oxidized as it loses electrons to form Fe2O3.

For an exothermic reaction, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left, favoring the reactants, as the system tries to absorb the added heat.

Copper (Cu) is reduced as it gains electrons from zinc.

Cu is oxidized to Cu2+ as it loses electrons in the reaction.

Zn is oxidized to Zn2+ as it loses electrons.

In C2O4^2-, the oxidation state of carbon is +3.

Adsorption is widely used in water purification processes to remove impurities.

Gas particles have the highest energy compared to solids and liquids, allowing them to move freely and occupy more space.

Particles in a solid have the least amount of energy compared to liquids, gases, and plasma.

In gases, particles move freely and are far apart compared to solids and liquids.

The Arrhenius equation relates the rate constant (k) to temperature (T) and activation energy (Ea).

The half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the initial concentration and is directly proportional to the rate constant.

For a first-order reaction, the half-life is constant and is given by the formula t1/2 = 0.693/k.