Linear damping occurs when the damping force is directly proportional to the velocity of the oscillator.

When the damping ratio is greater than 1, the system is overdamped and returns to equilibrium without oscillating.

Alpha decay involves the emission of an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus.

Negative deviation from Raoult's Law occurs when strong solute-solvent interactions lower the vapor pressure more than expected.

When light passes through a circular aperture, it exhibits Fresnel diffraction, characterized by a pattern of concentric rings.

A circular aperture produces an Airy pattern, characterized by a central bright spot surrounded by concentric dark and bright rings.

As the object descends, its gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity that does not change with the shear rate.

A Newtonian fluid has a constant viscosity that does not change with the shear rate.

Alkynes have sp hybridization due to the presence of a triple bond.

Ethylene has sp2 hybridization due to the presence of a double bond between the carbon atoms.

The carbon atoms in ethylene undergo sp2 hybridization.

The carbon atoms in alkanes are sp3 hybridized.

The carbon atoms in alkenes are sp2 hybridized due to the presence of a double bond.

BF3 has sp2 hybridization as it has three bonding pairs and no lone pairs.

Ethylene has sp2 hybridization as each carbon atom forms three sigma bonds and one pi bond.

Methane has sp3 hybridization as it has four equivalent bonds formed by the mixing of one s and three p orbitals.

The carbon atoms in ethylene undergo sp2 hybridization, resulting in a planar structure.

In alkynes, the carbon atoms are sp hybridized.

The central sulfur atom in SF6 undergoes sp3d2 hybridization.

[Fe(CN)6]3- exhibits d2sp3 hybridization due to the octahedral arrangement of ligands.

In [Ni(CN)4]2-, nickel has a coordination number of 4 and uses dsp2 hybridization.

[Ni(CO)4] has a tetrahedral geometry, which corresponds to sp3 hybridization.

[Ni(CN)4]2- has a square planar geometry, which corresponds to dsp2 hybridization.

A concave lens always forms a virtual and upright image regardless of the object's position.

When the object is placed between the focal point and the mirror, the image formed is virtual and upright.

When the object is placed beyond twice the focal length, the image is real and inverted.

A convex lens forms a real and inverted image when the object is beyond the focal point.

A convex mirror always forms a virtual and upright image regardless of the object's position.

The tertiary structure of proteins is stabilized by a combination of hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and sometimes covalent bonds.