The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 is considered the beginning of the organized Indian National Movement.

The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 is considered the beginning of the modern nationalist movement in India, as it provided a platform for political dialogue and activism.

The unconditional surrender of Germany on May 7, 1945, marked the end of World War II in Europe.

The World Bank has played a crucial role in providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries for poverty alleviation and economic development.

The IMF was established in 1944 in response to the economic crises of the 1930s to promote international monetary cooperation.

The Official Languages Act of 1963 aimed to promote Hindi as the official language of the Union, while also allowing the use of English for official purposes.

Count Camillo di Cavour was instrumental in the unification of Italy, serving as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

B.R. Ambedkar was a strong advocate for the rights of the marginalized, emphasizing education as a means to achieve inclusive growth.

Nationalism was the driving ideology behind the decolonization movements in Africa and Asia after World War II, as colonized nations sought self-determination and independence.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety addresses the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms resulting from biotechnology.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, adopted in 2015, emphasizes the importance of disaster risk reduction and building resilience.

The Convention on Biological Diversity, established in 1992, focuses on the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

The United Nations (UN) has played a significant role in promoting the establishment and functioning of NGOs globally, particularly in areas of human rights and development.

The steam engine, developed by James Watt in the late 18th century, is often credited with kickstarting the Industrial Revolution by providing a new source of power for factories and transportation.

The 'Arthashastra', written by Kautilya (Chanakya), provides detailed insights into the administration and economy of the Mauryan Empire.

The Kutch Earthquake in 2001 was a significant event that highlighted the need for a structured disaster management framework, leading to the establishment of the NDMA.

The Mughal Empire (16th to 18th centuries) is known for its advanced irrigation systems, which significantly improved agricultural productivity and environmental management.

Jahangir, the Mughal emperor, is credited with establishing the first wildlife sanctuary in India, reflecting his interest in nature and conservation.

Akbar is known for his policy of religious tolerance and for establishing the Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religion.

Shah Jahan is renowned for his urban planning, particularly in the construction of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) and the city of Agra.

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced the system of dyarchy, allowing for a division of responsibilities between elected Indian ministers and British officials.

The Bengal Sati Regulation, enacted in 1829, was a significant legislative measure that abolished the practice of Sati, promoting social justice.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced in 1919 as part of the Government of India Act, which aimed to increase Indian participation in governance.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was passed to suppress the Indian independence movement and allowed for the arrest without trial.

The Panchsheel Agreement, signed in 1954, aimed to establish peaceful coexistence and resolve border disputes between India and China, although it was later challenged by subsequent conflicts.

The Mesopotamian Civilization is known for its advanced agricultural practices, including the development of irrigation systems and crop rotation techniques.

The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its sophisticated urban planning and drainage systems, which were crucial for managing floods.

The Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BCE, is renowned for its sophisticated urban planning, including well-structured cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featuring advanced drainage systems.

The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, discusses economic policies and governance, emphasizing the need for inclusive growth to ensure stability and prosperity in society.

The Mahabharata, while primarily a narrative epic, contains numerous references to the interactions and cultural exchanges between ancient India and its neighboring regions, including Persia and Central Asia.