A negative ΔG indicates that the reaction is spontaneous.

A negative ΔG indicates that the reaction is spontaneous under the given conditions.

A negative ΔG indicates that the reaction is spontaneous.

If ΔG is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous under the given conditions.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 100 kJ - 298 K * 0.2 kJ/K = 100 kJ - 59.6 kJ = 40.4 kJ.

If ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive, ΔG will always be negative, indicating that the reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.

If component A has a higher vapor pressure than component B, the solution will show positive deviation from Raoult's Law.

The mole fraction of B can be calculated as 1 - mole fraction of A = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4.

Total vapor pressure = P_A + P_B = (0.75 * 80) + (0.25 * 40) = 60 + 10 = 70 mmHg.

Total vapor pressure = (X_A * P_A^0) + (X_B * P_B^0) = (0.4 * 150) + (0.6 * 50) = 60 + 30 = 90 mmHg.

Using Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of the solution = (0.6 * 80 mmHg) + (0.4 * 40 mmHg) = 64 mmHg.

Using Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of A in the solution is 0.6 * 80 mmHg = 48 mmHg.

Using Raoult's Law, the total vapor pressure = (0.6 * 80 mmHg) + (0.4 * 40 mmHg) = 48 mmHg + 16 mmHg = 64 mmHg.

Total vapor pressure = P_A + P_B = (0.5 * 80) + (0.5 * 40) = 40 + 20 = 60 mmHg.

Using Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of the solution = (0.6 * 80 mmHg) + (0.4 * 40 mmHg) = 64 mmHg.

A positive enthalpy change indicates that the reaction absorbs heat, classifying it as endothermic.

If the enthalpy of products is less, the reaction releases heat, indicating it is exothermic.

Increasing the pressure will shift the equilibrium position to the side with fewer moles of gas.

Decreasing the volume increases the pressure, and the equilibrium will shift to the side with fewer moles of gas to counteract the change.

In a closed system, an increase in temperature generally leads to an increase in entropy, as the molecular motion becomes more chaotic.

According to Boyle's law, if the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled.

In a concentration cell, the potential difference arises due to different concentrations of the same species.

In a Daniell cell, zinc is oxidized.

In a dynamic equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, but the concentrations of reactants and products may not be equal.

In a first-order reaction, the half-life is independent of the concentration of the reactant, so it remains the same.

In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode.

In a galvanic cell, reduction occurs at the cathode.

Average rate = (change in concentration) / (time) = (0.5 - 0.1) / 20 = 0.02 M/min.

For the reaction A → B, the rate of disappearance of A is equal to the rate of formation of B, hence it is 0.1 mol/L·s. However, if stoichiometry is considered as 1:1, the rate of disappearance of A is also 0.1 mol/L·s.

For the reaction A → B, the rate of disappearance of A is equal to the rate of formation of B, thus it is 1.0 mol/L·s.