Plastic waste is a significant contributor to water pollution, affecting aquatic life and ecosystems.

Electroporation is a method used to introduce DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell membrane.

Electroporation is a method used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells by applying an electrical field to increase the permeability of the cell membrane.

Aldehydes can be prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols.

Ion pumps are a form of active transport that move ions against their concentration gradient using energy.

Organisms can be classified using morphological, physiological, and genetic methods.

Abstinence is a method of contraception that involves refraining from sexual activity to prevent pregnancy.

All of the mentioned methods are effective in controlling microbial growth in food.

Wildlife sanctuaries are a method of in-situ conservation as they protect species in their natural habitats.

Composting utilizes microbes to decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich compost.

Increasing energy efficiency helps to reduce carbon emissions and thus lowers the carbon footprint.

Micropropagation is a method used for cloning plants by growing them from small tissue samples in a controlled environment.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a method used for amplifying DNA, which is essential in gene cloning.

Diabetes is classified as a non-communicable disease.

Pine trees are gymnosperms and are considered non-flowering plants as they do not produce flowers.

Boron is a trivalent element that creates holes in silicon, making it a p-type semiconductor.

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers made from glucose.

Biotechnology has various applications in agriculture, including the development of pest-resistant crops, production of biofuels, and creation of synthetic hormones.

Electric generators utilize electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

1-Butanol has the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a primary carbon, making it a primary alcohol.

1-butanol has the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a primary carbon atom, making it a primary alcohol.

Ethylamine (C2H5NH2) is a primary amine as it has one alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom.

The zinc-carbon battery is a type of primary cell, which cannot be recharged.

Microbial fermentation can produce antibiotics, vitamins, and alcohol, among other products.

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, which means they lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

All actinides are radioactive, with many being synthetic and unstable.

Ethers are generally flammable due to their hydrocarbon nature, although they have moderate boiling points.

Halogens exist as diatomic molecules (e.g., Cl2, F2).

Adenine is a purine, which is one of the two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

C2O4^2- (oxalate ion) is oxidized to CO2, thus it acts as a reducing agent in this reaction.