The para position is favored in the nitration of toluene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.

The -CF3 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, making the aromatic ring less reactive in electrophilic substitution.

The compound is acetophenone, which consists of a phenyl group attached to a carbonyl group and a methyl group.

The correct IUPAC name is phenylacetic acid, as it consists of a phenyl group attached to an acetic acid moiety.

The major product is para-nitroanisole due to the electron-donating effect of the methoxy group, which directs the electrophile to the para position.

The reaction of phenol with acetic anhydride produces phenyl acetate through an acetylation reaction.

The product is 2,4,6-tribromophenol, as phenol is highly reactive towards electrophilic substitution and can undergo multiple brominations.

Electrophilic substitution at the 5-position of o-xylene leads to two diastereomers due to the presence of two chiral centers.

The nitro group (-NO2) is a meta-directing group because it withdraws electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ortho and para positions less favorable for electrophilic attack.

The -OH group is a strong activating group due to its ability to donate electron density to the aromatic ring.

Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, consisting of two fused benzene rings.

Friedel-Crafts acylation involves the reaction of benzene with an acyl chloride (like CH3COCl) in the presence of a Lewis acid.

Benzene + CH3COCl in AlCl3 is an example of Friedel-Crafts acylation, where an acyl group is introduced to the aromatic ring.

In electrophilic aromatic substitution, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophile to form a sigma complex.

The hydroxyl group (-OH) is a strong electron-donating group due to resonance, enhancing the nucleophilicity of the benzene ring.