Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states due to the involvement of d-electrons in bonding.

A purely imaginary number has no real part, so 0 + 5i is purely imaginary.

Hydrogen gas (H2) can act as a reducing agent for aldehydes, converting them to alcohols.

C is the reducing agent as it donates electrons to reduce CuO to Cu.

H2 in the presence of palladium (Pd) is a reducing agent that can reduce ketones to alcohols.

Fructose is a reducing sugar, while sucrose, starch, and cellulose are not.

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that can be harnessed without depleting natural resources.

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that helps reduce environmental pollution compared to fossil fuels.

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that can be harnessed without depleting natural resources.

Temperature is a scalar quantity as it has magnitude but no direction.

2-pentanol has the hydroxyl group on the second carbon, making it a secondary alcohol.

Dimethylamine is a secondary amine as it has two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.

Excessive caffeine can lead to insomnia and disrupt sleep patterns.

Enthalpy is a state function, while work and heat are not state functions as they depend on the path taken.

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, while starch serves this role in plants.

The -CH3 group is a strong +I effect group as it donates electron density through the inductive effect.

-NO2 is a strong -M group as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

HCl (hydrochloric acid) is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water.

NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a strong base that completely dissociates in solution.

Ammonia (NH3) is a strong nucleophile due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.

A subset is a set that contains elements from another set. {1, 2} is a subset of {1, 2, 3}.

A subset can only contain elements that are in the original set. {x, y} is a valid subset of {x, y, z}.

1-butyne is a terminal alkyne because it has a triple bond at the end of the carbon chain.

Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Joule is the unit of energy in the SI system, defined as the work done when a force of one newton displaces an object by one meter.

Enthalpy can be expressed in Joules, Calories, and Kilojoules.

Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure, defined as one newton per square meter.

The NAND gate is a universal gate because it can be used to create any other gate.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. C4H10 (butane) fits this formula.