Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, but they are not consumed in the reaction.

Circularly polarized light has no preferred direction of oscillation; the electric field vector rotates in a circular motion.

Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their identity.

Diffraction gratings can produce multiple orders of maxima due to the constructive interference of light waves.

Diffraction can occur with any type of wave, including sound, light, and water waves.

In dynamic equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, but the concentrations of reactants and products may not be equal.

The elastic potential energy stored in a stretched wire is given by U = (1/2) * F * x, which is proportional to the square of the extension.

Electric field lines point from positive to negative charges, indicating the direction of the electric field.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that do not require a medium to propagate and travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Electrons have a negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons.

Enthalpy is an extensive property, meaning it depends on the amount of substance present.

Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system.

The equilibrium constant K is dependent on temperature; changing the temperature will change the value of K.

Ethers are generally less reactive than alcohols due to the absence of a hydroxyl group.

Geostationary satellites have an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotation period, which is 24 hours.

Gravitational potential energy decreases as two masses move closer together, as U = -G * (m1 * m2) / r.

Gravitational potential energy can be negative depending on the reference point chosen.

Haloalkanes are polar compounds due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and halogen.

Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law at all concentrations, meaning their vapor pressures are proportional to the mole fractions.

Inductive effect is a permanent effect due to the electronegativity of atoms or groups.

Isomers can exist in the same physical state, such as liquid or solid.

Isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms.

Isomers can have different physical and chemical properties despite having the same molecular formula.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Kinetic friction is independent of the contact area and depends only on the normal force and the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Concave lenses always produce virtual images when the object is placed within the focal length.

Liquids are incompressible and have a fixed volume, but they do not have a definite shape.

Magnetic field lines always form closed loops, indicating that magnetic field lines do not start or end but continue indefinitely.

The mesomeric effect is a permanent effect that involves the delocalization of electrons through pi bonds and resonance structures.

In metallic bonding, electrons are delocalized, allowing for conductivity and malleability.