As you move across a period, the nuclear charge increases while the shielding effect remains relatively constant, leading to higher ionization energy.

Aluminum is used in various applications including electrical wiring, construction materials, and aerospace due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties.

Atomic radius increases down a group due to the addition of electron shells.

Zinc is commonly used for galvanization because it provides a protective coating to iron, preventing rust.

The complex [Cu(NH3)4]2+ contains a transition metal with d-electrons that can be excited, resulting in color.

Sodium is highly reactive and readily loses an electron, making it likely to undergo oxidation.