Flux is a substance added to a metallurgical process to promote melting and help remove impurities.

Gangue refers to the waste material that is separated from the desired metal during the extraction process.

Calcination is primarily used to convert carbonates to oxides by heating them in the absence of air.

Carbon is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals, particularly in the smelting of iron.

In hematite (Fe2O3), iron is primarily in the +3 oxidation state.

Roasting is used to convert sulfide ores into oxides, making them easier to reduce.

Flux combines with impurities to form a slag that can be removed during the smelting process.

A ligand is a molecule or ion that donates electron pairs to a metal ion to form a coordination complex.

Cyanide solution is used in the leaching process to dissolve gold from its ore.

Cobalt commonly forms coordination compounds with a coordination number of 6 due to its ability to accommodate six ligands.

A good reducing agent has a low oxidation potential, allowing it to easily donate electrons.

Hydrometallurgy is a method of extracting metals from ores using aqueous solutions, while the other options are traditional extraction methods.

Aluminum is extracted from its ore, bauxite, using electrolysis due to its high reactivity.

Aluminum is extracted from its ore, bauxite, using the Hall-Héroult process, which involves electrolytic reduction.

Sodium is highly reactive and readily undergoes oxidation due to its low ionization energy.

Smelting is the process of extracting metals from their ores by heating and using a reducing agent.