The direction of ion movement in electrophoresis is determined by the charge of the ion; cations move towards the cathode and anions towards the anode.

Sodium ions produce a characteristic bright yellow color in flame tests.

In gas chromatography, the stationary phase is typically a liquid coated on a solid support.

The strong peak around 1700 cm-1 is characteristic of the carbonyl (C=O) stretch found in ketones.

Ion chromatography operates on the principle of ion exchange, separating ions based on their charge.

The mobile phase carries the sample through the stationary phase, allowing for separation based on different affinities.

Flame tests can be used to detect various metal ions, including sodium, calcium, and barium.

Flame photometry is commonly used to identify alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, such as calcium, based on their characteristic emission spectra.

Chloride ions react with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver chloride.

Precipitation reactions are commonly used to identify anions by forming insoluble salts.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy can be used to identify metal cations based on their characteristic absorbance spectra.

Liquid Chromatography is effective for separating complex mixtures of organic compounds based on their interactions with the stationary phase.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is particularly effective for identifying functional groups due to characteristic absorption bands.

Electrophoresis is specifically designed to separate charged particles based on their size and charge.