The efficiency of a Carnot engine is dependent on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, given by η = 1 - (Tc/Th).

A Carnot engine operates between two temperatures, absorbing heat from a hot reservoir and rejecting heat to a cold reservoir.

According to the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W. Here, ΔU = 500 J - 200 J = 300 J.

According to Boyle's Law, at constant temperature, if the volume of a gas is doubled, the pressure is halved.

In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the change in internal energy is zero.

In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the change in internal energy is zero.

In a cyclic process, the net work done by the system is zero because the system returns to its initial state.

In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the net change in internal energy is zero.

In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the net change in internal energy is zero.

Efficiency = (Work output / Heat input) × 100 = (300 J / 800 J) × 100 = 37.5%.

Efficiency = (Work done / Heat absorbed) * 100 = (200 J / 500 J) * 100 = 40%.

Efficiency = (Work output / Heat input) × 100 = (200 J / 600 J) × 100 = 33.33%.

The work done by a heat engine is equal to the heat absorbed from the hot reservoir minus the heat rejected to the cold reservoir.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W, we have 40 J = 100 J - W, thus W = 100 J - 40 J = 60 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W. Rearranging gives W = Q - ΔU. Here, W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

Using the first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W = 300 J - 100 J = 200 J.

In a refrigerator, work is done on the system to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body, which is against the natural flow of heat.

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W. Here, ΔU = 300 J - 200 J = 100 J.

In a thermodynamic cycle, the net work done is equal to the net heat added to the system, according to the first law of thermodynamics.

In a thermodynamic cycle, the net work done is equal to the net heat added to the system, according to the first law of thermodynamics.

In a thermodynamic cycle, the net work done is equal to the net heat added to the system, as the internal energy change is zero.

The internal energy of a system increases if heat is added to the system or work is done on the system.

Convection is not possible in a vacuum as it requires a medium (fluid) for heat transfer.

An isochoric process is characterized by constant volume, meaning the volume does not change.

In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, and any heat added to the system increases the internal energy.

In an isochoric process, the volume remains constant, and any heat added increases the internal energy of the gas.

In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, which implies that the internal energy of an ideal gas also remains constant.

In an isothermal process for an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant, and thus the internal energy also remains constant.

In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, hence the change in internal energy is zero.