A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are added or deleted from the DNA sequence, shifting the reading frame and potentially altering all downstream amino acids.

RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine (T), which is found in DNA, making this a key difference between the two nucleic acids.

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can affect gene function and protein production.

Recombinant DNA technology is used to combine DNA from different sources, often to produce proteins like insulin.

Recombinant DNA is formed by combining DNA from different organisms, allowing for the study and manipulation of genes.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

The expected genotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) is 1:2:1, representing the possible combinations of alleles.

The expected genotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross of Aa x Aa is 1:2:1.

The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.

The expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes.

The expected genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.

The expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross is 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.

In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.

In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.

The expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected phenotypic ratio of a test cross involving a heterozygous individual is 1:1, as it is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as the template that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structural and functional core of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery that translate mRNA into proteins by facilitating the assembly of amino acids.

Ribosomes serve as the site of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain.

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by transcribing the genetic information from a DNA template.

Ribosomes serve as the cellular machinery that facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins during the translation process.

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to the mRNA codons.

tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) functions to bring specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching them to the corresponding codons on the mRNA.

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into proteins.