What is the formula for the total capacitance (C_total) of capacitors in series?

What is the formula for the total capacitance (C_total) of capacitors in series?

Step 1: Understand that capacitors in series are connected end-to-end, so the total capacitance is not simply the sum of the individual capacitances.
Step 2: Recall the formula for total capacitance in series, which is 1/C_total = 1/C1 + 1/C2 for two capacitors.
Step 3: If there are more than two capacitors, continue adding terms: 1/C_total = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ...
Step 4: To find C_total, take the reciprocal of the sum you calculated: C_total = 1 / (1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ...).
Step 5: This formula shows that the total capacitance in series is always less than the smallest individual capacitor.

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