All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins can fly. (2023)

All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins can fly. (2023)

Step 1: Understand the first statement: 'All birds can fly.' This means every bird has the ability to fly.
Step 2: Understand the second statement: 'Penguins are birds.' This means penguins belong to the group of birds.
Step 3: Combine the two statements: If all birds can fly and penguins are birds, then it seems like penguins should be able to fly.
Step 4: Check the facts: Penguins are birds, but they cannot fly. They are adapted to swim instead.
Step 5: Conclusion: The original conclusion that 'penguins can fly' is incorrect because penguins do not have the ability to fly.

Logical Fallacy – The argument presents a logical fallacy known as 'hasty generalization' by assuming that all members of a category (birds) share a specific trait (the ability to fly) without considering exceptions.
Categorical Logic – The question tests understanding of categorical logic, specifically the relationship between premises and conclusions in syllogisms.