What is the primary cause of soil liquefaction during an earthquake?

What is the primary cause of soil liquefaction during an earthquake?

Step 1: Understand that soil is made up of solid particles and water.
Step 2: During an earthquake, the ground shakes and causes vibrations.
Step 3: These vibrations can increase the pressure of water that is trapped in the spaces between soil particles, known as pore water pressure.
Step 4: When the pore water pressure increases, it pushes against the soil particles.
Step 5: This increased pressure reduces the effective stress, which is the force that keeps the soil particles together.
Step 6: When the effective stress is reduced, the soil can lose its strength and start to behave like a liquid.
Step 7: This process is called soil liquefaction.

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