A +M group increases the stability of a carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

A -I group decreases the stability of a carbocation by withdrawing electron density.

C4H10 has 2 structural isomers: n-butane and isobutane.

C5H12 has 3 structural isomers: pentane, isopentane, and neopentane.

The -F group shows a -I effect as it withdraws electron density through its electronegativity.

The longest chain has 5 carbons, and there are two methyl groups on the third carbon, making it 3,3-Dimethylpentane.

The compound has a carboxylic acid group and a total of 5 carbons with two methyl groups on the third carbon, making it 3,3-Dimethylbutanoic acid.

In aromatic compounds, the mesomeric effect dominates due to resonance stabilization.

In acetic acid, the inductive effect of the –COOH group influences the acidity of the compound.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Denaturation refers to the process where proteins lose their native structure and function due to external factors like heat or pH changes.

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are their basic building blocks.

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids.

The basic unit of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, is the nucleotide.

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are their basic building blocks.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than ethers and alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.

The bond angle around the carbon atoms in an alkyne is approximately 180 degrees due to linear geometry.

-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group and destabilizes benzene derivatives.

-CF3 is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

The -CH3 group is an electron-donating group and stabilizes the carbocation through hyperconjugation.

The -COOH group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, thus it destabilizes the benzene ring.

A -I group increases the acidity of a carboxylic acid by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

A -I group increases the acidity of carboxylic acids by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -NO2 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

Alkyl groups increase the basicity of amines due to their electron-donating effect.

Electron-donating groups increase the electron density on the nitrogen atom, thus increasing the basicity of amines.

Electron-withdrawing groups decrease the basicity of amines by reducing the electron density on the nitrogen atom.

Increasing the carbon chain length generally decreases the acidity of carboxylic acids due to the inductive effect.

The boiling point of aldehydes increases with the increase in carbon chain length due to increased van der Waals forces.

Increasing the number of alkyl substituents on the double bond increases the stability of alkenes due to hyperconjugation.