The electrophile in the nitration of benzene is the nitronium ion (NO2+), generated from the reaction of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

The para position is most likely to be substituted in the nitration of toluene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group.

A nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group that deactivates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution.

The reaction produces benzene sulfonic acid, where a sulfonyl group is introduced onto the benzene ring.

Electrophilic substitution on a chiral aromatic compound typically leads to racemization due to the formation of a planar sigma complex.

The product does not have stereochemistry because the electrophilic substitution occurs at a position that does not create a chiral center.

Toluene is more reactive than benzene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which stabilizes the sigma complex.

Benzoyl chloride is a common electrophile used in Friedel-Crafts acylation, where it reacts with benzene to form an acylated product.

p-Dichlorobenzene has two chlorine substituents located at the para positions relative to each other on the benzene ring.

Aromatic compounds are widely used in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics, making them versatile in various applications.

The reactivity of aromatic compounds in electrophilic substitution reactions depends on the nature of the substituents present on the ring.