This chapter introduces the functional groups in organic compounds and the systematic rules for naming them. It is a fundamental topic in school and undergraduate organic chemistry, essential for Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners, forming the foundation for understanding reactivity, mechanisms, and structural analysis.

In this section, you will study:

• Concept of functional groups and their chemical significance

• Common functional groups: alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, halides, etc.

• IUPAC rules for naming simple and substituted organic compounds

• Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds

• Priority rules and functional group hierarchy

• Common mistakes in naming and strategies to avoid them

• NCERT-aligned explanations, examples, diagrams, MCQs, and exam-oriented questions

The content is structured to build conceptual clarity, strengthen structural reasoning, and prepare students for school examinations, NEET, JEE, and undergraduate assessments.

Develop a strong foundation in functional groups and nomenclature to accurately identify, name, and analyze organic compounds in theory and application.