The Acids, Bases and Salts – Advanced Concepts section delves into the theoretical foundations, equilibria, and molecular-level understanding of acid-base chemistry and salts. This module is designed for undergraduate learners and advanced school students, focusing on conceptual reasoning, problem-solving, and exam-relevant analytical skills.

In this section, you will study:

• Comparative analysis of acid-base theories – Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry, Lewis, and Lux-Flood concepts

• Acid and base strength determinants – bond polarity, electronegativity, inductive and resonance effects

• Advanced pH and pOH calculations – polyprotic acids, strong/weak mixtures, and hydrolysis of salts

• Buffer solution mechanisms – Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, buffer capacity, and dilution effects

• Ionic equilibria in salts – hydrolysis constants, common ion effect, and solubility product (Ksp) nuances

• Effect of temperature and ionic strength on equilibria and solubility

• Titration curves and derivations – strong acid vs strong base, weak acid vs strong base, and indicators’ role

• Molecular and structural reasoning behind acid-base behavior in complex ions and salts

• NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations, supported by stepwise derivations, conceptual problem sets, and PYQs

The content is structured to strengthen theoretical insight, enhance analytical reasoning, and prepare students for UG exams, competitive exams, and higher-level practical questions.

Master Acids, Bases and Salts at an advanced level to solve complex numerical, derivation-based, and conceptual problems with confidence.