The Inorganic Chemistry section covers the structure, properties, reactions, and applications of elements and their compounds , forming a core pillar of Class 11–12 Chemistry and undergraduate syllabi . This category is designed for school students, undergraduate learners, and competitive exam aspirants , with strong emphasis on NCERT alignment, conceptual clarity, and exam relevance .
In this section, you will study:
Periodic table and periodic trends – atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity, and reactivity
Chemical bonding and molecular structure – ionic, covalent, metallic bonding, VBT, MOT, and hybridization
Hydrogen and s-block elements – properties, compounds, and applications
p-block elements – group-wise chemistry, important compounds, and trends
d- and f-block elements – transition metals, coordination behavior, and properties
Coordination compounds – nomenclature, isomerism, bonding theories, and applications
Qualitative inorganic analysis – identification of ions and systematic analysis
Industrial and biological importance of inorganic compounds
NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations , supported by reaction mechanisms, tables, diagrams, MCQs, numericals, and PYQs
The content is structured to build strong fundamentals , improve memorization through logic , and help students tackle both theoretical and application-based questions confidently.
Develop a solid foundation in Inorganic Chemistry to excel in school examinations, undergraduate courses, and competitive exams such as NEET, JEE, and CUET .
Q. Calculate the molar mass of water (H2O).
A.
16 g/mol
B.
18 g/mol
C.
20 g/mol
D.
22 g/mol
Show solution
Solution
The molar mass of water is calculated as follows: H (1 g/mol) x 2 + O (16 g/mol) = 18 g/mol.
Correct Answer:
B
— 18 g/mol
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Q. How many grams of sodium chloride are needed to prepare 0.5 L of a 0.2 M solution?
A.
5.84 g
B.
11.68 g
C.
2.92 g
D.
0.58 g
Show solution
Solution
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol. Moles needed = 0.2 M * 0.5 L = 0.1 moles. Mass = moles * molar mass = 0.1 * 58.44 g = 5.844 g.
Correct Answer:
B
— 11.68 g
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Q. How many moles of potassium hydroxide are needed to neutralize 0.1 moles of hydrochloric acid?
A.
0.05
B.
0.1
C.
0.2
D.
0.3
Show solution
Solution
The reaction between KOH and HCl is 1:1. Therefore, 0.1 moles of HCl will require 0.1 moles of KOH.
Correct Answer:
B
— 0.1
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Q. If 25 mL of 0.5 M acetic acid is mixed with 25 mL of 0.5 M sodium acetate, what is the resulting pH of the buffer solution?
A.
4.76
B.
5.00
C.
5.76
D.
6.00
Show solution
Solution
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]). pKa of acetic acid is approximately 4.76. Since [A-] = [HA], pH = 4.76.
Correct Answer:
A
— 4.76
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Q. If 50 mL of 0.1 M sulfuric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, how many moles of NaOH are required?
A.
0.005
B.
0.01
C.
0.02
D.
0.03
Show solution
Solution
H2SO4 dissociates to give 2 H+ ions. Moles of H2SO4 = 0.1 M * 0.050 L = 0.005 moles. Therefore, moles of NaOH required = 0.005 moles * 2 = 0.01 moles.
Correct Answer:
B
— 0.01
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Q. In a redox reaction, what happens to the reducing agent?
A.
It is oxidized
B.
It is reduced
C.
It remains unchanged
D.
It gains electrons
Show solution
Solution
The reducing agent donates electrons and is oxidized in the process.
Correct Answer:
A
— It is oxidized
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Q. In metallurgy, what is the significance of the term 'gangue'?
A.
The desired metal
B.
The waste material
C.
The reducing agent
D.
The flux used
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Solution
Gangue refers to the waste material that is separated from the desired metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— The waste material
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Q. In redox reactions, what happens to the oxidation state of a transition metal when it acts as a reducing agent?
A.
It increases
B.
It decreases
C.
It remains the same
D.
It becomes zero
Show solution
Solution
When a transition metal acts as a reducing agent, it donates electrons, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state.
Correct Answer:
B
— It decreases
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Q. In redox reactions, what happens to the oxidation state of a transition metal when it acts as an oxidizing agent?
A.
It decreases
B.
It increases
C.
It remains the same
D.
It becomes zero
Show solution
Solution
When a transition metal acts as an oxidizing agent, its oxidation state increases as it gains electrons.
Correct Answer:
B
— It increases
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Q. In redox reactions, what happens to the oxidation state of the reducing agent?
A.
Increases
B.
Decreases
C.
Remains the same
D.
Becomes zero
Show solution
Solution
The oxidation state of the reducing agent decreases as it donates electrons.
Correct Answer:
B
— Decreases
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Q. In redox reactions, which of the following statements is true?
A.
Oxidation is the gain of electrons.
B.
Reduction is the loss of electrons.
C.
Oxidizing agents are reduced.
D.
Reducing agents are oxidized.
Show solution
Solution
Oxidizing agents are reduced as they gain electrons during redox reactions.
Correct Answer:
C
— Oxidizing agents are reduced.
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Q. In redox reactions, which species is reduced?
A.
Oxidizing agent
B.
Reducing agent
C.
Product
D.
Reactant
Show solution
Solution
The oxidizing agent is reduced as it gains electrons during the reaction.
Correct Answer:
A
— Oxidizing agent
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'calcination' refer to?
A.
Heating ores in the presence of air
B.
Heating ores in the absence of air
C.
Dissolving ores in acid
D.
Melting ores to separate metals
Show solution
Solution
Calcination refers to the heating of ores in the absence of air to drive off volatile substances.
Correct Answer:
B
— Heating ores in the absence of air
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'flux' refer to?
A.
A reducing agent
B.
A substance that promotes melting
C.
An oxidizing agent
D.
A type of metal
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Solution
Flux is a substance added to a metallurgical process to promote melting and help remove impurities.
Correct Answer:
B
— A substance that promotes melting
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'gangue' refer to?
A.
The desired metal
B.
The waste material
C.
The reducing agent
D.
The flux used
Show solution
Solution
Gangue refers to the waste material that is separated from the desired metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— The waste material
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what does the term 'reduction' refer to?
A.
Loss of electrons
B.
Gain of electrons
C.
Increase in oxidation state
D.
Decrease in temperature
Show solution
Solution
Reduction refers to the gain of electrons, which is essential in the extraction of metals.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gain of electrons
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what is the primary purpose of roasting a sulfide ore?
A.
To reduce the ore
B.
To oxidize the ore
C.
To concentrate the ore
D.
To purify the ore
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Solution
Roasting a sulfide ore involves heating it in the presence of oxygen to convert it into an oxide, which is a necessary step for further extraction of the metal.
Correct Answer:
B
— To oxidize the ore
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Q. In the context of metallurgy, what is the primary purpose of roasting sulfide ores?
A.
To reduce the ore
B.
To oxidize the ore
C.
To concentrate the ore
D.
To purify the ore
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Solution
Roasting sulfide ores involves heating them in the presence of oxygen to convert them into oxides, which can then be reduced to extract the metal.
Correct Answer:
B
— To oxidize the ore
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what does the term 'oxidation state' refer to?
A.
The charge of an atom in a molecule
B.
The number of bonds an atom can form
C.
The energy level of electrons
D.
The size of an atom
Show solution
Solution
The oxidation state refers to the charge of an atom in a molecule, indicating its degree of oxidation.
Correct Answer:
A
— The charge of an atom in a molecule
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what happens to a transition metal when it acts as a reducing agent?
A.
It gains electrons.
B.
It loses electrons.
C.
It remains unchanged.
D.
It forms a complex.
Show solution
Solution
When a transition metal acts as a reducing agent, it loses electrons and is oxidized.
Correct Answer:
B
— It loses electrons.
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, what happens to the oxidation state of manganese in the reaction MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O?
A.
It increases
B.
It decreases
C.
It remains the same
D.
It fluctuates
Show solution
Solution
The oxidation state of manganese decreases from +7 in MnO4- to +2 in Mn2+.
Correct Answer:
B
— It decreases
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Q. In the context of redox reactions, which transition metal is commonly used as a reducing agent?
A.
Manganese
B.
Iron
C.
Copper
D.
Silver
Show solution
Solution
Iron is commonly used as a reducing agent in various redox reactions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Iron
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Q. In the extraction of iron, what is the role of limestone?
A.
To act as a reducing agent
B.
To remove sulfur
C.
To form slag
D.
To increase temperature
Show solution
Solution
Limestone is added to form slag, which helps remove impurities during the extraction of iron.
Correct Answer:
C
— To form slag
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Q. In the extraction of iron, which compound is primarily used as a flux?
A.
Limestone
B.
Silica
C.
Alumina
D.
Magnesia
Show solution
Solution
Limestone is used as a flux in the extraction of iron to remove impurities as slag.
Correct Answer:
A
— Limestone
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Q. In the extraction of metals, what is the role of a flux?
A.
To increase the temperature of the reaction
B.
To remove impurities
C.
To provide energy for the reaction
D.
To act as a catalyst
Show solution
Solution
A flux is used to remove impurities from the metal during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— To remove impurities
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Q. In which application is hydrogen used as a reducing agent?
A.
Electrolysis
B.
Metal extraction
C.
Acid-base neutralization
D.
Combustion
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals from their ores, such as in the reduction of metal oxides.
Correct Answer:
B
— Metal extraction
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Q. In which of the following compounds does hydrogen act as a Lewis acid?
A.
H2O
B.
HCl
C.
BF3
D.
H2
Show solution
Solution
In HCl, hydrogen can act as a Lewis acid by accepting an electron pair.
Correct Answer:
B
— HCl
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Q. In which of the following compounds does hydrogen exhibit an oxidation state of -1?
A.
H2O
B.
HCl
C.
NaH
D.
H2O2
Show solution
Solution
In NaH (sodium hydride), hydrogen has an oxidation state of -1.
Correct Answer:
C
— NaH
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Q. In which of the following coordination compounds does hydrogen act as a ligand?
A.
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
B.
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
C.
[CoCl4]2-
D.
[Ag(CN)2]-
Show solution
Solution
In the complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, water (H2O) acts as a ligand, coordinating with the iron ion.
Correct Answer:
A
— [Fe(H2O)6]2+
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Q. In which of the following processes is hydrogen used to reduce metal ores?
A.
Electrolysis
B.
Hydrometallurgy
C.
Pyrometallurgy
D.
Hydrogen reduction
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen reduction is a process where hydrogen gas is used to reduce metal ores to their metallic form.
Correct Answer:
D
— Hydrogen reduction
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