The Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth of urban centers as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of jobs in factories, resulting in significant urbanization.

The Scramble for Africa led to arbitrary borders and exploitation of resources, contributing to long-term poverty in many African nations post-independence.

Sub-Saharan Africa experienced the most rapid population growth in the 20th century due to high birth rates and declining mortality rates.

Virgil's 'Aeneid' is a Latin epic poem that serves as a national epic of ancient Rome, detailing the journey of Aeneas after the fall of Troy.

Geoffrey Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' is a significant work of English literature that provides a vivid portrayal of 14th-century English society.

The 'Columbian Exchange' refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and Europe following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.

'Divine Comedy' is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri in the early 14th century, exploring themes of the afterlife.

The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup that established parliamentary sovereignty and limited the powers of the monarchy in England.

The Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals that emphasized personal faith and challenged established religious authorities, leading to greater religious diversity.

The Great Wall of China was primarily built to protect against invasions from nomadic tribes and to secure the northern borders of the Chinese states.

Homer is the ancient Greek poet traditionally said to be the author of the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey', foundational works of Western literature.

The Taj Mahal, built during the Mughal Empire in the 17th century, is one of the most famous architectural achievements, symbolizing the grandeur of Mughal architecture and the love of Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

The 19th-century Renaissance in India was marked by the introduction of Western education and various reform movements aimed at social and cultural renewal.

All of the mentioned playwrights, including Bhasa, Kalidasa, and Bhavabhuti, are significant contributors to Sanskrit drama, showcasing its richness.

Sanskritization refers to the process where lower castes adopt the rituals and practices of higher castes, often to improve their social status.

The 'Two-Nation Theory', which argued that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, was proposed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, leading to the demand for Pakistan.

The Ajanta Caves primarily depict Buddhist teachings through their exquisite murals and sculptures, dating back to the 2nd century BCE.

The Alhambra is located in Spain and is a stunning example of Moorish architecture, reflecting the Islamic influence in the region.

The Bhakti movement emphasized personal devotion to God, transcending caste and ritualistic practices.

The Bhakti movement emphasized personal devotion to God and sought to transcend caste divisions, promoting a sense of unity among diverse communities.

The Brihadeeswarar Temple, built in the 11th century, is a prime example of Chola architecture, showcasing the grandeur of Dravidian style.

'Ahimsa' is a fundamental principle in Indian philosophy that advocates for non-violence and respect for all living beings.

The agricultural revolution increased the carrying capacity of land, allowing for larger populations to be sustained.

A youthful population can lead to a demographic dividend, where the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age population, potentially boosting economic growth.

'Dharma' in Indian culture refers to moral and ethical duties that guide individuals in their conduct and responsibilities.

Geographical Determinism posits that the physical environment, particularly geography, significantly influences human societies, shaping their culture, economy, and social structures.

In ancient Indian political geography, 'Mandala' refers to a circular model of statecraft that illustrates the relationship between different kingdoms and their territorial ambitions.

Plate Tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the movement of the Earth's continents and the geological activity associated with it.

The Poverty Line in India is defined based on the minimum consumption expenditure required to meet basic needs, including food, clothing, and shelter.

'Purna Swaraj', or complete independence, was formally adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1930 during the Lahore session.