'The Communist Manifesto' was published in 1848, outlining the principles of Marxism and advocating for class struggle.

The 'Great Leap Forward' was an economic campaign initiated by the Chinese Communist Party aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agrarian society into a socialist society through rapid industrialization.

The Opium Wars were fought between China and Britain, primarily over trade disputes and the opium trade.

The Salt March was a direct action campaign against the British salt tax, symbolizing the broader struggle for independence.

Qutub Minar is a prime example of Indo-Islamic architecture, showcasing the blend of Islamic and Indian styles.

The Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the 'Scramble for Africa'.

'Nirvana' signifies the cessation of suffering and the end of the cycle of rebirth in Buddhism.

Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of 'Satyagraha' during the Champaran Movement in 1917 to address the grievances of indigo farmers.

Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of 'Satyagraha' as a non-violent method of protest against injustice.

Utilitarianism is most closely associated with John Stuart Mill, who expanded on Jeremy Bentham's ideas about maximizing happiness.

The 'Allegory of the Cave' is found in 'The Republic', illustrating the difference between the world of appearances and the world of reality.

'Tabula Rasa' is the theory that individuals are born as blank slates, with knowledge and personality shaped by experience.

The Rowlatt Act was enacted to curb civil liberties and suppress dissent against British rule, leading to widespread protests.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed to formally end World War I and impose penalties on Germany.

Socrates is renowned for the Socratic method, which involves asking a series of questions to challenge assumptions.

The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 is considered the beginning of the organized Indian National Movement.

Stoicism teaches acceptance of fate and emphasizes the use of reason to navigate life's challenges.

The Roman Empire is renowned for its extensive road network and efficient postal system, facilitating trade and communication.

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 is often considered the first major revolt against British rule, marking the beginning of the modern Indian freedom struggle.

The Enlightenment period is closely associated with the concept of the 'Social Contract', particularly in the works of philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was initiated by the Indian National Congress in response to the repressive measures taken by the British during World War I.

Existentialism focuses on individual experience and the subjective interpretation of existence and truth.

The phrase 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity' is associated with the French Revolution, which emphasized these ideals as fundamental rights.

The French Revolution led to the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe and the end of feudalism in France.

The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of the middle class as new jobs and economic opportunities emerged in urban areas.

The decline of the Maurya Empire is often attributed to the weak successors of Ashoka, who failed to maintain the vast empire effectively.

The rise of Christianity and its influence on Roman society contributed to the decline of traditional Roman values and the eventual fall of the Roman Empire.

The Berlin Conference led to the partition of Africa among European powers, formalizing colonial claims.

The Treaty of Versailles established the League of Nations as part of its terms to promote peace and prevent future conflicts.

Consequentialism posits that the morality of an action is judged solely by its outcomes or consequences.