A +M group increases the stability of a carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

The -F group shows a -I effect as it withdraws electron density through its electronegativity.

The compound has a carboxylic acid group and a total of 5 carbons with two methyl groups on the third carbon, making it 3,3-Dimethylbutanoic acid.

The longest chain has 5 carbons, and there are two methyl groups on the third carbon, making it 3,3-Dimethylpentane.

In aromatic compounds, the mesomeric effect dominates due to resonance stabilization.

In acetic acid, the inductive effect of the –COOH group influences the acidity of the compound.

-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group and destabilizes benzene derivatives.

-CF3 is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

The -CH3 group is an electron-donating group and stabilizes the carbocation through hyperconjugation.

The -COOH group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, thus it destabilizes the benzene ring.

A -I group increases the acidity of a carboxylic acid by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

A -I group increases the acidity of carboxylic acids by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -NO2 group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, which destabilizes the benzene ring.

The +M effect stabilizes the carbocation by donating electron density through resonance.

The -I effect increases acidity by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

Electron-withdrawing groups (-I) increase the acidity of compounds by stabilizing the negative charge on the conjugate base.

The -M effect can stabilize a carbocation by delocalizing the positive charge.

-M groups destabilize carbocations by withdrawing electron density through resonance.

Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

The compound is an aldehyde with two carbons, hence the name is Ethanal.

The compound is a ketone with four carbons, and the carbonyl group is on the second carbon, hence Butan-2-one.

C2H5OH is ethanol, which is an alcohol with two carbon atoms.

The compound is a ketone with a four-carbon chain, and the carbonyl group is on the second carbon, hence it is Butan-2-one.

The compound is a cyclic alcohol with six carbons, hence it is named Cyclohexanol.

The compound has a phenyl group and a hydroxyl group on the second carbon of a three-carbon chain, hence it is Phenylpropan-2-ol.

The longest chain has four carbons, and there is a methyl group on the second carbon, making it 2-Methylbutane.

The longest chain has four carbons with an aldehyde group, and the methyl group is on the second carbon, making it 2-Methylbutanal.

The longest carbon chain contains five carbons, and the functional group is a carboxylic acid, hence the name is Pentanoic acid.

The compound is an aldehyde with two carbons, which is named Acetaldehyde or Ethanal.

The compound has a ketone functional group with 4 carbons, making it Butan-2-one.