Q. What does the term 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacokinetics?
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A.
The rate of drug elimination
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B.
The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation
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C.
The volume of distribution of a drug
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D.
The time taken for a drug to exert its effect
Solution
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is available for therapeutic effect.
Correct Answer:
B
— The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation
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Q. What is the main therapeutic use of ACE inhibitors?
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A.
Hypertension
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B.
Diabetes management
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C.
Antibiotic therapy
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D.
Pain relief
Solution
ACE inhibitors are primarily used to treat hypertension by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Correct Answer:
A
— Hypertension
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Q. What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)?
-
A.
Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
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B.
Inhibition of dopamine receptors
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C.
Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake
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D.
Activation of serotonin receptors
Solution
SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, increasing its availability in the synaptic cleft.
Correct Answer:
A
— Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
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Q. What is the primary route of elimination for most drugs?
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A.
Biliary excretion
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B.
Renal excretion
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C.
Pulmonary excretion
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D.
Sweat
Solution
Renal excretion is the primary route for the elimination of most drugs from the body.
Correct Answer:
B
— Renal excretion
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Q. Which class of drugs is primarily used to treat hyperlipidemia?
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A.
Statins
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B.
Beta-blockers
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C.
ACE inhibitors
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D.
Antidepressants
Solution
Statins are the primary class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipidemia.
Correct Answer:
A
— Statins
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Q. Which drug class is commonly used as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes?
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A.
Sulfonylureas
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B.
Biguanides
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C.
Thiazolidinediones
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D.
Insulin
Solution
Biguanides, particularly metformin, are commonly used as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Correct Answer:
B
— Biguanides
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Q. Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioids?
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A.
Hypertension
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B.
Constipation
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C.
Diarrhea
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D.
Nausea
Solution
Constipation is a well-known adverse effect of opioid medications due to their effects on gastrointestinal motility.
Correct Answer:
B
— Constipation
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Q. Which pharmacokinetic parameter describes the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half?
-
A.
Bioavailability
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B.
Half-life
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C.
Volume of distribution
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D.
Clearance
Solution
Half-life is the time required for the concentration of the drug in the plasma to decrease by 50%.
Correct Answer:
B
— Half-life
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