To create 4 subnets, 2 bits must be borrowed from the host portion (2^2 = 4).

In a /22 subnet, 10 bits are used for the host portion (32 total bits - 22 bits for the network = 10 bits for hosts).

In a Class B IP address, the first 16 bits are used for the network portion, allowing for a large number of hosts.

Borrowing 3 bits from a /24 network allows for 2^3 = 8 subnets.

Using a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 on a Class B network allows for 256 subnets, as it borrows 8 bits from the host portion.

Borrowing 3 bits from the host portion allows for 2^3 = 8 subnets, but with 2 reserved for network and broadcast, 6 usable subnets remain.

A /22 subnet provides 2^(32-22) = 2^10 = 1024 total IP addresses.

A /24 subnet mask allows for 256 total addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 254 usable host addresses.

A /28 subnet has 16 total addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 14 usable host addresses.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 allows for 16 total addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 14 usable hosts.

A /28 subnet has 2^(32-28) = 2^4 = 16 total addresses. Subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses leaves 14 usable addresses.

A /29 subnet mask provides 8 total addresses, of which 6 are usable for hosts after excluding the network and broadcast addresses.

The network address is determined by the IP address and subnet mask; for 172.16.5.10/24, the network address is 172.16.5.0.

The network address is obtained by performing a bitwise AND between the IP address and the subnet mask: 192.168.1.10 AND 255.255.255.0 = 192.168.1.0.

A /22 subnet mask allows for 4 subnets to be created from a /16 network (2^(22-16) = 2^6 = 4).

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 allows for 2 subnets, as it uses 1 bit for subnetting (2^1 = 2).

The broadcast address for the subnet 192.168.1.0/24 is 192.168.1.255, which is the highest address in the subnet.

In a /16 subnet, the valid host range is from 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254, with 172.16.0.0 as the network address and 172.16.255.255 as the broadcast address.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 corresponds to /25, which allows for 2^(32-25) = 2^7 = 128 total addresses. Subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses leaves 126 usable hosts.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 allows for 256 total addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 254 usable addresses.

The subnet mask 255.255.255.192 corresponds to /26, which allows for 2^(26-24) = 4 subnets from a Class C network.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 allows for 2^3 - 2 = 6 usable IP addresses.

A switch connects devices within the same network and forwards data based on MAC addresses.

CIDR notation /16 indicates a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, allowing for 65,536 possible addresses, typically associated with Class B networks.

CIDR notation /24 indicates that the first 24 bits of the subnet mask are set to 1, which corresponds to a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

A /22 subnet mask corresponds to 255.255.252.0, allowing for 1024 IP addresses in the subnet.

CIDR notation /24 corresponds to a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which allows for 256 addresses in the subnet.

A /24 subnet mask corresponds to 255.255.255.0, allowing for 256 IP addresses in the subnet.

In HTTP/1.1, connections are persistent by default, meaning that multiple requests can be sent over a single connection without reopening it.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 indicates a Class C network, allowing for 256 IP addresses in total.