Using a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 on a Class B network allows for 256 subnets, as it borrows 8 bits from the host portion.

Borrowing 3 bits from the host portion allows for 2^3 = 8 subnets, but with 2 reserved for network and broadcast, 6 usable subnets remain.

A /22 subnet provides 2^(32-22) = 2^10 = 1024 total IP addresses.

A /29 subnet mask provides 8 total addresses, of which 6 are usable for hosts after excluding the network and broadcast addresses.

The network address is determined by the IP address and subnet mask; for 172.16.5.10/24, the network address is 172.16.5.0.

The broadcast address for the subnet 192.168.1.0/24 is 192.168.1.255, which is the highest address in the subnet.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.248 allows for 2^3 - 2 = 6 usable IP addresses.

The CIDR notation for a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 is /25, indicating that the first 25 bits are used for the network.

The first usable IP address in the subnet 10.0.0.0/22 is 10.0.0.1, as 10.0.0.0 is the network address.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 provides 32 IP addresses, of which 30 are usable for hosts after accounting for the network and broadcast addresses.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 provides 4 bits for host addresses, allowing for 2^4 - 2 = 14 usable hosts.

A Class C address with 30 usable hosts requires a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252, which allows for 4 IP addresses (2 usable).

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.252 allows for 2 usable IP addresses (4 total - 2 for network and broadcast), which is suitable for point-to-point links.

A /18 subnet mask allows for 2^(32-18) = 16384 total addresses, of which 16382 are usable for hosts.

The valid host addresses in the subnet 172.16.0.0/20 range from 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.15.254, making 172.16.0.1 a valid host address.