Under FIFO, the first 80 units sold are from the $5 batch (100 units), leaving 20 units at $5 and 50 units at $8. Ending inventory = (20 * $5) + (50 * $8) = $100 + $400 = $500.

Under FIFO, the first 120 units sold are from the $30 batch (150 units), leaving 30 units at $30 and 100 units at $35. Ending inventory = (30 * $30) + (100 * $35) = $900 + $3,500 = $4,400.

Under LIFO, the last 250 units sold are from the $15 batch (300 units), leaving 50 units at $15 and 200 units at $10. Ending inventory = (50 * $15) + (200 * $10) = $750 + $2,000 = $2,750.

Under LIFO, the cost of goods sold for the last 400 units sold is (300 * $12) + (100 * $10) = $3,600 + $1,000 = $4,600.

Retained Earnings = Net Income - Dividends = $120,000 - $30,000 = $90,000.

COGS = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Ending Inventory = $50,000 + $20,000 - $30,000 = $40,000.

The net value of Equipment is $15,000 - $3,000 = $12,000.

Net Equipment = Equipment - Accumulated Depreciation = $20,000 - $5,000 = $15,000.

Under FIFO, the cost of goods sold for the first 200 units sold is (50 * $10) + (100 * $12) + (50 * $15) = $500 + $1,200 + $750 = $2,450.

Annual Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Salvage Value) / Useful Life = ($50,000 - $0) / 5 = $10,000.

Value of 80 units sold = (100 units x $10) + (20 units x $12) = $1,000 + $240 = $1,080.

Under FIFO, the cost of goods sold for the first 2 units sold is $10 + $12 = $22.

Depreciation per unit = (Cost - Salvage Value) / Total Units = ($40,000 - $4,000) / 100,000 = $0.36.

Depreciation Expense = Book Value at Beginning of Year x (2 / Useful Life) = $15,000 x (2 / 5) = $6,000.

Depreciation Expense = Book Value at Beginning of Year x Depreciation Rate. Year 1: $30,000 x 25% = $7,500. Year 2: ($30,000 - $7,500) x 25% = $5,625.

All of the options listed are qualitative characteristics of financial information as per accounting standards, emphasizing the importance of providing useful information to users.

Inventory valuation does not directly affect the calculation of depreciation, as they are separate accounting processes.

Inventory valuation affects both the balance sheet and income statement, thus impacting the trial balance as it reflects the value of inventory held by the business.

Accumulated depreciation is recorded as a contra asset, reducing the total value of fixed assets on the balance sheet.

Depreciation can be calculated using any method agreed upon by the partners as per their partnership agreement.

The straight-line method calculates depreciation by taking the cost of the asset minus its salvage value and dividing it by its useful life.

Depreciation is treated as an expense in the profit and loss account, reducing the net profit of the partnership.

Depreciation is recorded as an expense in the final accounts, reducing the profit for the period.

Goodwill is calculated as the Purchase Price minus the Net Assets of the partnership.

Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price paid by the new partner over the net assets of the partnership.

Goodwill is calculated as the capital contribution of the new partner minus the net assets of the partnership.

Goodwill is recorded as an intangible asset in the accounts of a partnership firm.

Goodwill is treated as an intangible asset in the final accounts of a partnership.

When a partner retires, the goodwill is usually revalued and the share of goodwill is transferred to the remaining partners' capital accounts.

Inventory in a partnership firm is valued at cost or market value, whichever is lower, in accordance with accounting principles.