Increasing the load on a saturated clay layer increases both immediate settlement and consolidation settlement due to the additional stress on the soil.

Settlement in saturated cohesive soils primarily occurs due to consolidation, which is the process of volume reduction in soil due to the expulsion of water from the pores under applied loads.

A piezometer is used in site investigation to measure pore water pressure, which is crucial for understanding groundwater conditions and their effects on soil behavior.

Secondary compression refers to the settlement that occurs after primary consolidation is complete, often due to ongoing rearrangement of soil particles over time.

The coefficient of consolidation (Cv) for clay soils typically ranges from 10^-6 to 10^-4 m²/s, indicating slow consolidation rates.

Terzaghi's theory is commonly used to estimate the settlement of shallow foundations, as it provides a framework for calculating settlement based on soil properties and loading conditions.

Soil color does not affect the rate of consolidation. The rate is influenced by soil permeability, initial void ratio, and the magnitude of the applied load.

Empirical correlations are commonly used to predict settlement in granular soils based on field and laboratory test results.

An anchored wall is most suitable for high lateral earth pressures as it uses anchors to provide additional resistance against the earth forces.