The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes.

In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.

Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during the process of transcription in gene expression.

A test cross involves crossing an individual with an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the former.

A phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Incomplete dominance is not a characteristic of Mendelian inheritance; it describes a situation where the phenotype is intermediate between the two parental traits.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making millions of copies of a particular segment.