Pollination is essential for the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma, enabling fertilization and subsequent seed development.

Mycorrhizal associations improve nutrient and water uptake for plants, which can enhance overall health and reproductive success.

Dispersal is the process that allows seeds to be spread away from the parent plant, reducing competition and increasing the chances of successful germination.

Fruits protect developing seeds and often aid in their dispersal by attracting animals that eat the fruit and excrete the seeds elsewhere.

Asexual reproduction, such as cuttings or grafting, allows farmers to produce genetically identical plants with desirable traits.

GMOs can be engineered to have enhanced traits, such as pest resistance, which can lead to higher crop yields and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.

Wind is a common method of seed dispersal, allowing seeds to travel long distances from the parent plant.