Q. What is the effect of alcohol on the metabolism of acetaminophen?
A.
Increases its metabolism to non-toxic metabolites
B.
Decreases its metabolism, increasing toxicity
C.
Increases its metabolism to toxic metabolites
D.
Has no effect on its metabolism
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Solution
Chronic alcohol consumption induces CYP2E1, which increases the metabolism of acetaminophen to toxic metabolites, raising the risk of liver damage.
Correct Answer:
C
— Increases its metabolism to toxic metabolites
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Q. What is the effect of St. John's Wort on the metabolism of certain drugs?
A.
Inhibits CYP450 enzymes
B.
Induces CYP450 enzymes
C.
Has no effect on drug metabolism
D.
Inhibits P-glycoprotein
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Solution
St. John's Wort is known to induce CYP450 enzymes, which can lead to decreased effectiveness of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Correct Answer:
B
— Induces CYP450 enzymes
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Q. What is the mechanism of interaction between statins and grapefruit juice?
A.
Inhibition of statin absorption
B.
Inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism
C.
Induction of statin metabolism
D.
Inhibition of LDL receptor activity
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Solution
Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4, which is responsible for the metabolism of many statins, leading to increased statin levels and risk of side effects.
Correct Answer:
B
— Inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism
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Q. What is the primary concern when combining MAO inhibitors with tyramine-rich foods?
A.
Hypoglycemia
B.
Hypertensive crisis
C.
Serotonin syndrome
D.
Cardiac arrhythmias
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Solution
Combining MAO inhibitors with tyramine-rich foods can lead to a hypertensive crisis due to excessive norepinephrine release.
Correct Answer:
B
— Hypertensive crisis
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Q. What is the primary mechanism of action for warfarin?
A.
Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase
B.
Inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis
C.
Activation of antithrombin III
D.
Inhibition of platelet aggregation
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Solution
Warfarin primarily works by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, which is essential for the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Correct Answer:
A
— Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase
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Q. Which drug class is known to have a significant interaction with digoxin, increasing its toxicity?
A.
Beta-blockers
B.
Calcium channel blockers
C.
Macrolide antibiotics
D.
Diuretics
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Solution
Macrolide antibiotics can increase digoxin levels by inhibiting its renal clearance, leading to potential toxicity.
Correct Answer:
C
— Macrolide antibiotics
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Q. Which of the following drugs can cause a significant interaction with lithium, leading to increased lithium levels?
A.
Thiazide diuretics
B.
Beta-blockers
C.
ACE inhibitors
D.
Calcium channel blockers
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Solution
Thiazide diuretics can decrease renal clearance of lithium, leading to increased lithium levels and potential toxicity.
Correct Answer:
A
— Thiazide diuretics
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Q. Which of the following drugs is known to interact with warfarin and increase its anticoagulant effect?
A.
Rifampin
B.
Amiodarone
C.
Carbamazepine
D.
Phenobarbital
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Solution
Amiodarone is known to increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by inhibiting its metabolism.
Correct Answer:
B
— Amiodarone
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Q. Which of the following is a common side effect of combining NSAIDs with anticoagulants?
A.
Increased risk of thrombosis
B.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
C.
Hypertension
D.
Renal failure
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Solution
Combining NSAIDs with anticoagulants increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding due to the effects of both drug classes on the gastric mucosa.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gastrointestinal bleeding
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Q. Which of the following is a potential consequence of combining anticoagulants with antiplatelet agents?
A.
Increased risk of stroke
B.
Increased risk of bleeding
C.
Decreased efficacy of anticoagulants
D.
Increased risk of thrombosis
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Solution
Combining anticoagulants with antiplatelet agents increases the risk of bleeding due to the additive effects on hemostasis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Increased risk of bleeding
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