Q. What is the function of phosphatases in cell signaling?
-
A.
To add phosphate groups to proteins
-
B.
To remove phosphate groups from proteins
-
C.
To transport signals across membranes
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D.
To amplify the signal
Solution
Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, thus playing a critical role in deactivating signaling pathways.
Correct Answer:
B
— To remove phosphate groups from proteins
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Q. What is the primary effect of insulin binding to its receptor?
-
A.
Increased glucose uptake
-
B.
Decreased protein synthesis
-
C.
Inhibition of cell growth
-
D.
Increased lipid breakdown
Solution
Insulin binding to its receptor primarily leads to increased glucose uptake by cells.
Correct Answer:
A
— Increased glucose uptake
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Q. What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cell signaling?
-
A.
Transport ions across the membrane
-
B.
Activate intracellular signaling pathways
-
C.
Synthesize proteins
-
D.
Degrade extracellular signals
Solution
GPCRs primarily function to activate intracellular signaling pathways upon binding to ligands.
Correct Answer:
B
— Activate intracellular signaling pathways
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Q. What is the role of calcium ions in cell signaling?
-
A.
They act as a primary messenger
-
B.
They serve as a second messenger
-
C.
They inhibit signaling pathways
-
D.
They are involved in protein synthesis
Solution
Calcium ions serve as a second messenger in various signaling pathways, facilitating communication within the cell.
Correct Answer:
B
— They serve as a second messenger
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Q. What role do kinases play in cell signaling?
-
A.
They inhibit signaling pathways
-
B.
They phosphorylate proteins
-
C.
They transport molecules across membranes
-
D.
They degrade signaling molecules
Solution
Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins, which is a key mechanism in regulating cell signaling.
Correct Answer:
B
— They phosphorylate proteins
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Q. Which molecule is commonly involved as a second messenger in cell signaling?
-
A.
ATP
-
B.
cAMP
-
C.
DNA
-
D.
RNA
Solution
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a well-known second messenger that transmits signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell.
Correct Answer:
B
— cAMP
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of autocrine signaling?
-
A.
Signals affect neighboring cells
-
B.
Signals affect the same cell that produces them
-
C.
Signals are released into the bloodstream
-
D.
Signals require a receptor on a different cell
Solution
In autocrine signaling, the signaling molecules affect the same cell that produces them.
Correct Answer:
B
— Signals affect the same cell that produces them
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Q. Which of the following is a common receptor type that binds steroid hormones?
-
A.
Tyrosine kinase receptors
-
B.
G-protein coupled receptors
-
C.
Nuclear receptors
-
D.
Ion channel receptors
Solution
Nuclear receptors are a common type of receptor that binds steroid hormones and regulates gene expression.
Correct Answer:
C
— Nuclear receptors
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Q. Which signaling pathway is primarily involved in cell growth and proliferation?
-
A.
MAPK/ERK pathway
-
B.
cAMP pathway
-
C.
JAK/STAT pathway
-
D.
Wnt pathway
Solution
The MAPK/ERK pathway is primarily involved in regulating cell growth and proliferation.
Correct Answer:
A
— MAPK/ERK pathway
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